The disaster continues in medical school, i was taught that iodine deficiency was a thing of the past. Iodine fact sheet for consumers office of dietary supplements nih. Intentional iodine in diet food sources is the loss of total body mass as a result of efforts to improve fitness and health, or to change appearance through slimming. Brownstein feels iodine is the most misunderstood nutrient. An iodine deficiency can cause symptoms such as fatigue, high cholesterol, lethargy, depression, and swelling of the thyroid gland. Bread and milk were identified as significant sources of iodine in the swiss diet as. Two of the highest sources of iodine are cod and shrimp they contain 198 and 70 micrograms per serving, respectively. Iodine helps make thyroid hormones, which help keep cells and the metabolic rate the speed at which chemical reactions take place in the body healthy. Chatin noted that goiter and cretinism are rare in geological zones rich in iodine and frequent where iodine is in short supply, and that goiter can be prevented by iodine supplementation. Pdf 1 a spatial survey of iodine and its longlived isotope, 129i, in 40 rivers of the usa, canada, and western europe, reveals that the ratio of. Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol i and atomic number 53.
If iodine intakes from iodized salt fall because of public health efforts to reduce salt intake, milk and dairy products may become increasingly important sources of dietary iodine in the future. The availability of iodine in foods differs in various regions of the world. Fruits and vegetables, which contain iodine, although the amount depends on the iodine in the soil where they grew and in any fertilizer that was used. The median salt added at the table by the subjects was 1. Iodine deficiency is a lack of the trace element iodine, an essential nutrient in the diet. The wia members involved in the production of iodine and its derivatives iofina, calibre chemicals, sqm, and ajaysqm group explain where iodine comes from and where it is used. As a result, dont go overboard enjoy small servings of sea vegetables, or sprinkle them into other meals, like. The amount of iodine found in food sources is small. However, the amount of iodine in foods is not listed on food packaging in the u.
Iodine sources and iodine levels in pregnant women from an. Table salt usage is decreasing and with our new dietary guidelines encouraging less table salt consumption, we are at risk of inadequate iodine intake. Milk and dairy products are the main sources of iodine for most people. In women, it ensures breast and ovarian health, as well. Iodine is a trace mineral and a nutrient found naturally in the body. Iodine is a nutrient essential for thyroid hormone th synthesis. Oct 23, 2018 iodine deficiency and diets low in iodine rich foods are associated with an increased risk for thyroid disease, but there are also potential thyroid and hormonal risks associated with taking too much iodine, especially from supplements that contain iodine in the form of iodide. A total of 77 mcg are found in one gram of iodized salt. There is no easy way of knowing how much iodine is in plant foods. Milk products such as frozen yogurt, ice cream, and cheese are also great iodine sources. Most fish are able to extract and concentrate iodine from seawater.
Mar 31, 2020 like breads and cereals, which are the major sources of iodine in american diets. Iodine is considered one of the bodys vital nutrients, responsible for regulating thyroid function, supporting a healthy metabolism, aiding in growth and development, and preventing certain chronic diseases like cancer. The iodine deficiency disorders authoritative source on. Iodine in diet food sources in individuals who are overweight or obese can reduce health risks, increase fitness, and may delay the onset of diabetes. Iodine can also be found in plant foods, such as cereals and grains, but the levels vary depending on the amount of iodine in the soil where the plants are grown. This edition supersedes any previously released draft or final profile. It is important to avoid having too little or too much iodine. An insufficient supply of thyroid hormones to the developing brain may result in neurocognitive impairment 1925. Seaweed such as kelp, nori, kombu, and wakame is one of the best food sources of iodine, but it is highly variable in its content table 2. Bread made with iodate conditioners, milk, and iodized salt were the primary sources of dietary iodine in their sample. Iodine is an essential trace mineral that helps the brain function properly. Iodine, iodine metabolism and iodine deficiency disorders. Thyroid hormones regulate many important biochemical reactions, including protein synthesis and enzymatic activity, and are. The pdf and epub for this title are copyprotected and must be downloaded and read using adobe digital editions or software that is compatible with adobe drm.
Iodine is a chemical element essential for the production of thyroid hormones that regulate growth and metabolism. The thyroid hormones t3 and t4 contain the iodine molecule, and these hormones regulate your bodys metabolism. However, it sublimes easily with gentle heat, resulting in a widespread misconception. Iodine is a trace element that is naturally present in some foods, added to others, and available as a dietary supplement. Dietary supplements and iodized salt are also sources of iodine. In addition to offering essential minerals, calcium, and vitamin d, milk is a good source of iodine. The iodine content of plants and vegetables is dependent on the environment and soil in which they are grown.
Other foods have small amounts of iodine from natural sources but contain larger amounts due to direct fortification e. For instance, iodine comes mostly from seawater so the greater the distance from the sea the lesser the iodine content in the soil. Iodine food fact sheet british dietetic association. Good dietary sources include fish, shellfish and dairy products. As a member of the ocean, cod gains iodine from the seawater environment. The thyroid gland is responsible for managing growth and metabolism. The iodine protocol includes 200 400 mcg of selenium and in some cases requires atp cofactors.
The recommended daily allowance rda for iodine is 150. Iodine food fact sheet british dietetic association uk. Iodized salt and seafood are the major dietary sources of iodine. Jan 17, 2018 the iodine content of plant crops is affected by the content of iodine in the soil i. A specific kind of iodine called potassium iodide is. The iodine deficiency disorders authoritative source. Iodine is an essential component of the thyroid hormones thyroxine t4 and triiodothyronine t3. For more information about drm, please visit our support pages. One serving of kelp provides multiple times the amount of daily iodine needed. Iodinesupplemented animal feeds are potentially the main contributors to the iodine content of milk 6, 7 and eggs. Prevent this dangerous deficiency by eating the right amount of iodine rich.
When it comes to vegan sources of iodine, the ocean is king. In australia all bought breads except organic bread have iodised salt. Urinary iodine concentrations were described in the whole population and in subgroups according to their frequency of intake of milk, fish, eggs. Food sources iodized salt, for the most part, is the main source of iodine in our diet. The consequences of iodine deficiency are well documented, and the global strategy to correct iodine deficiency through universal salt iodization usi has remarkably improved the health of populations worldwide. Table 1 iodine sources and concentrations origin chemical form typical concentration. The quantity of iodine depends on environmental factors like use of fertilizers and soil concentration. Iodine in food and dietary supplementcomposition databases. Fortification of foodgrade salt with iodine for the prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders 1 executive summary iodine is a trace element that is essential for the synthesis of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland. Iodine is found in a range of foods, the richest sources being fish, milk, and dairy products.
Sea food and eggs had high iodine content, but these foods were not favored by subjects studied. Fruits, vegetables, and bread also provide small quantities of iodine. Iodized salt is a fortified form of table salt that has been processed to contain significant amounts of iodine. Iodized salt, which is readily available in the united states and many other countries. Jul 06, 2018 other common food sources of iodine include grains and eggs 10,18. Many foods can be high in iodine if the soil that they were grown in is rich in. Iodine deficiency in europe world health organization. Exceedingly rich in iodine, fish are a primary source for this trace mineral. Good sources of iodine include bread made with iodised salt and any type of seafood, including seaweed. Humans need iodine for normal thyroid function, and for the production of thyroid hormones. Iodine is needed for the production of thyroid hormones.
If you do not have enough iodine in your body, you cannot make enough thyroid hormone. As a treatment, iodine helps with goiters enlargements of the thyroid gland and high thyroid levels such as in thyroid storm. It may result in metabolic problems such as goiter, sometimes as an endemic goiter as well as cretinism due to untreated congenital hypothyroidism, which results in developmental delays and other health problems. The heaviest of the stable halogens, it exists as a lustrous, purpleblack nonmetallic solid at standard conditions that melts to form a deep violet liquid at 114 degrees celsius, and boils to a violet gas at 184 degrees celsius. Women who are planning to get pregnant, are pregnant or breastfeeding need extra iodine and should see their doctor for advice about their individual health needs. The balance of iodine in the thyroid gland is tricky, and both too much and too little iodine can slow down the production of hormones. High iodine intakes are well tolerated by most healthy. The iodine content in nori varies between 1643 mcg per gram, or about 1129% of the daily value 8, 9. Foods high in iodine include nori seaweed, seafood, and fortified salt. A toxicological profile for iodine, draft for public comment was released in september 2001. The amount of iodine found in other meats and vegetables depends on the area where the food was grown or raised.
The thyroid gland iodine connection was known just a few years following the discovery of iodine in seaweed in the 1811. Some milkalternative drinks are fortified with iodine so it is important to check the product label. Although it seems counterintuitive, research suggests that. Iodine i odine, a trace element found in soil, is an essential component of the thyroid hormones involved in regulating the bodys metabolic processes.
Iodine reduces thyroid hormone and can kill fungus, bacteria, and other microorganisms such as amoebas. List of 21 foods high in iodine content for hypothyroidism. Individuals in the united states can maintain adequate iodine in their diet by using iodized table salt, by eating foods high in iodine, particularly dairy products, seafood, meat, some breads, and eggs, and by taking a multivitamin containing iodine see below. Iodine deficiency in the fetus is the result of iodine deficiency in the mother. Table salt and iodine containing salts such as iodized salt may be the main source of iodine in a daily diet.
Iodine status and consumption of key iodine sources in the u. Iodine is a trace element that is required for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, which are necessary for adequate growth, development, and metabolism. The body does not make iodine, so it is an essential part of your diet. Baumann proposed that iodine is the active element in the thyroid gland. You can get recommended amounts of iodine by eating a variety of foods, including the following. Iodine is an element that is needed for the production of thyroid hormone.
Iodine is found naturally in some foods and is also added to salt that is labeled as iodized. Iodine is an essential mineral thats vital to the proper functioning of the thyroid. Iodine deficiency iodine deficiency remains a major issue in other parts of the world, including parts of europe, africa and asia. Iodine is mostly obtained from food sources particularly vegetables grown on iodine rich soil. Development of databases on iodine in foods and dietary. It took me a short time into my holistic practice of medicine to realize that what i was taught about iodine was incorrect. Toxicological profiles are revised and republished as necessary. It is important to be aware that most milkalternative drinks e. Iodine content in the soil varies from region to region and subsequently foods grown in different regions vary in iodine content as well. Iodine is a key component of the hormones made in the thyroid gland. Sea vegetables, including kelp, wakame, and nori, are incredible iodine rich foods. Iodine deficiency is an important global health issue, especially for fertile and. In the united states, salt is iodized with potassium iodide at 100 parts per million.
Therefore, the dietary requirement of iodine is determined by normal thyroxine t4 production by the thyroid gland without stressing the thyroid iodide trapping. Iodine can also be found in plant foods, such as cereals and grains, but the levels vary depending on the amount of iodine in the. Extensively referenced, it includes data on dietary sources of iodine, goitrogens, the effects of iodine deficiency throughout the lifecycle, the pathophysiology of iodine deficiency, as well as strategies for control and monitoring of the iodine deficiency disorders, such as iodized salt and iodized oil. Iodine food and agriculture organization of the united nations. Deficiencies can lead to significant health consequences across the age spectrum, including goiter enlarged thyroid, impaired mental functioning, and reduced productivity.
Only 8 years after this discovery, iodine was used effectively in the treatment of simple goiter. However, many iodized salts dont actually end up containing this much iodine. During pregnancy, iodine is essential for the correct development of the babys brain. Sep 18, 2017 iodine rich foods can be easily incorporated into your daily diet routines as the trace mineral is found in many food sources suitable for all diets, including vegetarian and vegan. In the uk, the recommended iodine intake for adults is 140 micrograms per day. Among dietary supplements, prenatal vitamins are the most likely to contain iodine, as its inclusion in any dietary supplement is voluntary. Download the old style pdf version of this food fact sheet. This food fact sheet will tell you more about iodine, food sources of iodine and how.
The mineral content of foods is greatly affected by the soil from which it grew, and thus geographic location is the primary determinant of the mineral content of foods. Iodine is found naturally in some foods and is also added to salt that is. Uses, side effects, interactions, dosage, and warning. These hormones are absolutely critical to human health, helping to control energy production and utilization in nearly every cell of the body.
These hormones are involved in growth, development and control of metabolic processes in the body. To ensure adequate iodine levels but avoid the risk of iodine excess through milk and dairy, it is crucial to reduce the wide variations in milk iodine. Unfortunately, many adults dont consume enough iodine rich foods and suffer from an iodine deficiency. The consequence of iodine deficiency during pregnancy is impaired synthesis of thyroid hormones by the mother and the fetus. It is very important to include high amounts of iodine rich foods in your diet as the body cannot synthesize this mineral. The general government standard for fortification of salt with iodine is 7677 micrograms of iodine per gram of salt. Iodized salt is the main source of iodine in our diet. Iodine is the fourth halogen, being a member of group 17 in the periodic table, below fluorine, chlorine, and bromine. Iodine is often found in seaweed and can be mined in the form of sodium iodate and sodium periodate. Dietary sources of iodine article pdf available in american journal of clinical nutrition 144. Food sources of iodine sources of iodine include seafood, table salt and bread. Seaweeds such as wakame, nori or mekabu, which are widely used in some asian cultures for making soups, salads and condiments, are rich sources of iodine.